Where we look

Finding where knowledge gets stuck.

Knowledge does not only get stuck in reports, heads, rooms and new rules. The evidence that it is stuck is scattered across places nobody reads together.

The three-source test

Use a three-source test: one lived-experience source, one formal evidence source, and one institutional or legal source.

“When the same failure appears in a personal account, an inquest or judgment, and a reform report, it is probably structural, not anecdotal”

Keep the chain of evidence clear. The emotional account identifies the human impact; the formal sources substantiate the structural claim.

  1. Lived experience14 sources
  2. Formal evidence8 sources
  3. Institutional and legal records16 sources

Lived experience

What people and practitioners say, search and ask in their own words.

Reddit: Australian legal communities

Access to justice, self-represented litigants, court confusion, legal-information gaps

What it can reveal
What people searched late at night, what procedural terms they did not understand, the moment they realised they could not navigate a process alone
The question it raises
“The law may be available, but can an ordinary person actually use it?”
How we use it
Search and sort r/auslaw, r/legaladviceaus and r/AusLegal by “top” over the past year; read comment threads as closely as original posts
Our care rules
Do not reproduce identifiable stories, usernames or distinctive wording. Extract recurring patterns, then independently verify legal claims

Reddit: family violence and support communities

Family violence, safety planning, protection orders, child protection, service coordination

What it can reveal
Accounts of having to repeat disclosures, being bounced between agencies, receiving inconsistent advice, or feeling disbelieved
The question it raises
“I did everything I was told to do, so why was I still unsafe?”
How we use it
Look for repeated themes in r/domesticviolence, r/legaladvice and relevant Australian support communities
Our care rules
Treat survivor accounts with exceptional care. Do not quote or paraphrase closely enough to make a person recognisable; avoid turning trauma into content

Google reviews of legal and justice services

Service-navigation frustrations, communication failures, administrative barriers

What it can reveal
Repeated complaints about waiting, unclear instructions, inaccessible processes, poor communication and handovers
The question it raises
“Often the harm is not one dramatic failure; it is ten small points of friction”
How we use it
Sample reviews across courts, community legal centres, legal services and adjacent support services; code for themes rather than anecdotes
Our care rules
Reviews are not verified evidence. Do not treat an individual review as fact or identify reviewers; use them only as leads for broader inquiry

Frontline practitioner forums

What workers encounter in daily practice: referral failures, workload, unclear protocols, legal-tech risks

What it can reveal
“Monday morning” problems that formal research may not capture for years
The question it raises
“The policy says coordinate. The practitioner is still trying to find someone who will answer the phone”
How we use it
Monitor open professional forums, association discussions, webinars, public LinkedIn threads and sector event Q&As
Our care rules
Mine themes, not quotes. Closed-group content should not be reproduced without consent; respect confidentiality and professional obligations

Professional association discussions

Practice change, legal ethics, regulation, capability needs, operational barriers

What it can reveal
What lawyers, CLC staff, family-violence workers and allied professionals are worried about now
The question it raises
“The gap between a new obligation and a workable professional practice is where risk lives”
How we use it
Follow public material from legal associations, CLC networks, specialist family-violence organisations and professional bodies
Our care rules
Association views may not represent all practitioners. Attribute viewpoints accurately

Comments and messages people send us

Audience-led content development and testing

What it can reveal
The questions, objections and lived practice examples your actual audience already brings to you
The question it raises
“The comments are showing where the next piece of public explanation is needed”
How we use it
Keep a private pattern log: repeated questions, phrases, objections, examples and role types
Our care rules
Seek permission before using a distinctive story or direct quote. De-identify examples and do not disclose private correspondence

Instagram comments and poll responses

Fast signal detection, language testing, audience uncertainty

What it can reveal
Which claims generate recognition, disagreement, confusion or requests for practical tools
The question it raises
“If a poll splits frontline workers, there may be a policy-practice gap worth explaining”
How we use it
Use polls to test a hypothesis, then develop the strongest response into a researched post or newsletter
Our care rules
Polls are not representative research. Describe them as audience feedback, not evidence of prevalence

Search behaviour and question data

Plain-language legal education, crisis-stage information needs, content hooks

What it can reveal
The exact questions people ask at moments of uncertainty: “Can I represent myself?”, “What happens at court?”, “Can police help?”
The question it raises
“The first sentence of your post should sound like the question someone asks before they know the legal vocabulary”
How we use it
Use Google Trends, autocomplete, People Also Ask, AnswerThePublic, court-site searches and legal-aid site searches
Our care rules
Search volume is not a measure of prevalence or legal importance. Verify any legal answer using authoritative sources

Court and legal-aid website search terms

Service design, confusing language, unmet information needs

What it can reveal
Where official information architecture does not match the words people actually use
The question it raises
“If people search for ‘how do I keep my child safe?’ and the website is organised around statute names, the design has already failed”
How we use it
Compare user-language searches with site navigation, page titles and legal terminology
Our care rules
Do not infer internal service data unless it is publicly released; treat visible autocomplete as indicative only

News comment sections

Public misconceptions, policy narratives, communication gaps

What it can reveal
The assumptions and myths that spread around family violence, courts, legal aid and AI
The question it raises
“Misinformation does not stay online, it can shape what people expect from systems and whether they seek help”
How we use it
Review ABC, Guardian Australia, Women’s Agenda and other moderated public discussions after major stories
Our care rules
Comment sections are not representative and can amplify hostile or inaccurate views. Use them to identify misconceptions, not establish public opinion

Talkback radio and call-in formats

Immediate public reaction, language of frustration, regional or community concerns

What it can reveal
How people describe institutional failure without legal or policy jargon
The question it raises
“The language people use outside professional rooms often tells you what the system has failed to explain”
How we use it
Review publicly available transcripts, summaries and broadcasts around relevant policy events
Our care rules
Be cautious with anecdotal claims; use only public material and avoid repeating defamatory or unverified allegations

ProductReview, Trustpilot and similar platforms

Consumer experience of legal services, insurers and adjacent systems

What it can reveal
Patterns in communication breakdown, unexpected costs, delay, complaint handling and digital-service design
The question it raises
“A poor experience is often described as customer service, but in legal settings it can affect rights, safety and trust”
How we use it
Code recurring categories across multiple reviews, then test them against complaint data or research
Our care rules
Treat reviews as unverified individual accounts. Never name-and-shame a provider based on anecdotal reviews

Glassdoor and worker-review platforms

Internal strain in under-resourced legal, public and community-sector organisations

What it can reveal
Staff workload, burnout, turnover, poor systems, inadequate training and implementation fatigue
The question it raises
“Systems can fail the public partly because they are also failing the workers asked to hold them together”
How we use it
Look for recurring organisation-wide or sector-wide themes rather than individual allegations
Our care rules
Do not treat anonymous employer reviews as verified facts. Avoid identifying smaller organisations or repeating defamatory assertions

Academic conferences and webinar Q&As

Emerging practice issues, professional uncertainty, new research questions

What it can reveal
Problems practitioners are beginning to name before they appear in formal reports
The question it raises
“The question asked at the end of a webinar can be a preview of the next implementation failure”
How we use it
Attend or review public recordings from law, social-work, family-violence, AI-governance and legal-design events
Our care rules
Attribute speakers accurately; do not represent an individual conference comment as sector-wide consensus

Formal evidence

Research, surveys and inquiries that measure the problem.

Recent legal and social-policy research

Evidence-led posts on AI, legal need, family violence, safety and reform

What it can reveal
The gap between policy recommendations, institutional intentions and ordinary experience
The question it raises
“The research has named the problem. Why does it still happen on a Tuesday afternoon?”
How we use it
Maintain a research watchlist across ANROWS, AIFS, ALRC, VLRC, Productivity Commission, AustLII, court data and sector research centres
Our care rules
Distinguish findings from recommendations; check publication date, jurisdiction, methods and limitations before making broad claims

ANROWS and family-violence research

Family violence, coercive control, safety systems, service responses, prevention

What it can reveal
Patterns in disclosure, risk assessment, interagency coordination, service accessibility and survivor experience
The question it raises
“Safety is not one decision. It is a chain of decisions across systems”
How we use it
Track new reports, evidence summaries, death-review publications and practice guidance
Our care rules
Use trauma-informed language; do not frame system failure as an individual survivor’s failure to disclose, report or comply

Australian Institute of Family Studies

Family law, child safety, separated families, parenting disputes, family-violence practice

What it can reveal
Research on family-system interactions, child wellbeing, service pathways and practical consequences of legal settings
The question it raises
“Children experience the gaps between adult systems, not just the systems themselves”
How we use it
Search publications by themes such as family violence, family law, parenting, child protection and service navigation
Our care rules
Avoid oversimplifying contested family-law evidence; state the relevant jurisdiction and context

Productivity Commission work

Access to justice, legal assistance funding, service design, system-level reform

What it can reveal
Big structural evidence: unmet legal need, costs of unresolved problems, service-demand pressures and reform options
The question it raises
“The cost of inaccessible justice is not merely legal, it is social, financial and human”
How we use it
Revisit access-to-justice reports, inquiry submissions and implementation updates
Our care rules
Older reports may still be influential but should not be presented as current operational data without checking for updates

Court user-experience and satisfaction surveys

Court accessibility, procedural comprehension, service quality

What it can reveal
Measurable evidence about whether court users understood processes, felt respected or could access assistance
The question it raises
“Procedural fairness is not just whether a process exists; it is whether people can navigate it”
How we use it
Look for court annual reports, user surveys, access-and-inclusion plans and evaluation reports
Our care rules
Surveys may have limited samples or methodology. Quote the measure precisely rather than generalising beyond it

Legal-need surveys

Unmet legal need, capability, service barriers, problem escalation

What it can reveal
Data on the difference between experiencing a legal problem and obtaining useful help
The question it raises
“People do not fail to get legal help because they do not care; systems often make the next step unclear or unaffordable”
How we use it
Use Victorian legal-need studies, the Legal Australia-Wide Survey and updated jurisdictional research
Our care rules
Check the age of data, population surveyed and whether the measure is legal need, service use, outcome or satisfaction

Community-attitude surveys

Violence against women, coercive control, public misconceptions, prevention

What it can reveal
Misunderstandings that shape reporting, support, institutional responses and policy acceptance
The question it raises
“Public beliefs become practical barriers when they determine who is believed, supported or protected”
How we use it
Review NCAS findings and related prevention research alongside qualitative evidence
Our care rules
Avoid treating attitudes as direct predictors of individual conduct; explain what the survey actually measures

International comparison sources

Showing that a problem is systemic rather than uniquely local; identifying alternative models

What it can reveal
Different approaches to legal assistance, court support, domestic-violence response and AI governance
The question it raises
“Another jurisdiction may have a different model, but the question is whether it fits the Australian institutional reality”
How we use it
Use reputable comparative research, official reviews and peer-reviewed studies
Our care rules
Avoid importing overseas solutions without analysing legal structure, funding, culture and jurisdictional differences

Institutional and legal records

What courts, coroners, parliaments, regulators and agencies have put on the record.

AustLII and court data

Self-representation, procedural fairness, judicial observations, legal-service access

What it can reveal
How courts describe the practical barriers facing unrepresented parties; recurring breakdowns in documents, evidence, deadlines and understanding
The question it raises
“A person can technically have a hearing and still not meaningfully be heard”
How we use it
Search judgments using terms such as “self-represented,” “unrepresented,” “litigant in person,” “procedural fairness” and “assistance”
Our care rules
A judgment is a public record, but people may still be vulnerable. Avoid unnecessary identifying detail, especially in family-law, child-protection and safety-related matters

Curated AI case trackers

AI hallucinations, professional judgment, misuse of generative AI in legal work

What it can reveal
Concrete examples of invented authorities, unreliable output, verification failures and judicial responses
The question it raises
“AI did not replace judgment, it exposed where judgment was missing”
How we use it
Follow curated court-case logs and then read the underlying judgments rather than relying solely on summaries
Our care rules
Avoid implying that a single case proves a universal trend; be precise about what the court actually found

ALRC and VLRC reports

Law reform, legal design, family violence, justice processes, systemic failures

What it can reveal
Where law reform bodies identify mismatch between law, institutions and lived experience
The question it raises
“A reform recommendation is not the same thing as a reform experienced by the public”
How we use it
Compare original recommendations with subsequent legislation, implementation reports and frontline accounts
Our care rules
Clearly separate proposed reforms, enacted reforms and reforms that are actually implemented in practice

AUSTRAC guidance and Tranche 2 materials

Anti-money-laundering obligations, legal-sector compliance, professional change

What it can reveal
What practitioners must do, where implementation creates confusion, and how regulatory language meets daily legal practice
The question it raises
“Compliance is not a checklist if people do not understand the risk it is meant to manage”
How we use it
Monitor AUSTRAC guidance, consultation papers, sector webinars and professional-body responses
Our care rules
Regulatory obligations can change. Confirm current commencement dates, scope and guidance before publishing

Legal Services Commissioner complaint summaries

Legal-service quality, communication, costs, delay, professional conduct

What it can reveal
Validated or formally examined examples of where legal consumers feel excluded, confused or poorly served
The question it raises
“Professional standards include whether people can understand what is happening to them”
How we use it
Read annual reports, complaint themes, disciplinary summaries and systemic reviews
Our care rules
Be accurate about complaint outcomes. A complaint is not proof of misconduct unless the published outcome says so

Ombudsman reports

Public administration, service access, complaint handling, systemic maladministration

What it can reveal
Formal accounts of agencies failing to communicate, coordinate, investigate, respond or provide fair process
The question it raises
“A complaint often begins where ordinary communication has already failed”
How we use it
Watch Victorian Ombudsman and relevant state/federal ombudsman systemic reports and case studies
Our care rules
Identify the agency, time period and recommendation status correctly; avoid extending findings beyond the report’s scope

Parliamentary Hansard

Public testimony about family violence, legal aid, coercive control, child safety and justice-system reform

What it can reveal
Verbatim accounts from survivors, families, frontline workers and decision-makers
The question it raises
“People told the system what was happening. The question is what happened after they told it”
How we use it
Search parliamentary committee transcripts by inquiry topic, then trace recommendations and government responses
Our care rules
Parliamentary privilege does not remove ethical obligations. Avoid extracting traumatic testimony merely for impact; contextualise it

Parliamentary inquiry submissions

Lived experience, practitioner evidence, service-system gaps

What it can reveal
Written accounts from people directly affected by law and policy, often organised around specific reform questions
The question it raises
“The same practical problem appears again and again in the submissions, because it is not an isolated problem”
How we use it
Search inquiry portals for submissions on family violence, legal assistance, child protection, coercive control and court reform
Our care rules
Check whether submissions are published, redacted or confidential. Use public material responsibly and avoid unnecessary personal detail

Coronial inquest findings

Family violence deaths, child deaths, systems failure, risk escalation, missed opportunities

What it can reveal
Detailed timelines of what agencies knew, when they knew it, what coordination failed and what recommendations followed
The question it raises
“No single missed signal explains a death; the pattern is often a system that failed to connect the signals”
How we use it
Search the Coroners Court of Victoria, NSW and Queensland databases, AustLII’s coronial library, and death-review publications
Our care rules
This is highly sensitive material. Centre dignity and systemic learning, not narrative spectacle; minimise names and graphic facts unless essential

Domestic and Family Violence Death Review material

Family violence lethality, risk, police and service responses, prevention

What it can reveal
Cross-case patterns from coronial files, police records, service data and reviews
The question it raises
“The most important warning signs are often visible only when agencies put their partial pictures together”
How we use it
Follow ANROWS’ national network and relevant state death-review reports
Our care rules
Death-review findings require careful attribution. Do not imply causation beyond the review’s conclusions

Royal Commission evidence and reports

Systemic failure, institutional culture, service fragmentation, reform implementation

What it can reveal
High-detail evidence about what failed, who was affected, and which reforms were proposed
The question it raises
“A Royal Commission can diagnose the failure. Our contribution is asking whether the diagnosis changed the room people enter now”
How we use it
Use final reports alongside public hearings, implementation trackers and subsequent evaluations
Our care rules
Do not assume recommendations were adopted or effective. Check implementation status and later evidence

Full-text judgments

Self-represented litigants, court process, judicial discretion, administrative and evidentiary confusion

What it can reveal
Judicial descriptions of practical difficulties: missed deadlines, misunderstood orders, document overload and unequal capacity
The question it raises
“A court can be legally neutral while still being practically impossible to navigate”
How we use it
Read a set of comparable judgments rather than one case; develop a pattern log across 10–20 decisions
Our care rules
Do not cherry-pick unusual cases. Explain that judgments record legal findings, not necessarily the whole lived experience

Service-provider annual reports

Demand, waiting lists, service delivery, referral patterns and funding pressures

What it can reveal
Quantitative signs of unmet need: turn-aways, wait times, rising matters, staff shortages or service gaps
The question it raises
“A service can be doing excellent work and still be structurally unable to meet the need arriving at its door”
How we use it
Track community legal centre, legal-aid, court, family-violence service and peak-body annual reports
Our care rules
Annual-report metrics are organisation-specific. Explain denominators and avoid comparing unlike services

Freedom of Information releases and audit reports

Implementation failures, administrative systems, accountability, government performance

What it can reveal
Evidence of delays, poor monitoring, risk-management gaps, data problems or weak oversight
The question it raises
“A policy promise becomes meaningful only when someone can show how it was implemented and monitored”
How we use it
Follow Auditor-General reports, public FOI logs, budget papers and implementation reviews
Our care rules
FOI material may be partial, redacted or contested. Represent its limitations and seek corroboration

Budget papers and funding announcements

Legal assistance, court resources, family-violence response, child safety and reform delivery

What it can reveal
The gap between announced reform and resourced reform
The question it raises
“Every reform eventually becomes a staffing, training, technology and service-capacity question”
How we use it
Track Victorian and Commonwealth budget papers, portfolio statements and subsequent delivery reports
Our care rules
Funding announcements are not proof of expenditure, outcomes or service improvement; distinguish commitments from actual delivery

Law reform consultations

Early-stage policy change, regulatory design, implementation concerns

What it can reveal
What advocates, practitioners and affected people predict will go wrong before rules take effect
The question it raises
“Consultation submissions often contain tomorrow’s implementation problems in plain sight”
How we use it
Track open consultations from governments, regulators, ALRC, VLRC and specialist agencies
Our care rules
Consultation submissions are positions, not neutral evidence. Present competing perspectives fairly

We look for the same failure appearing in more than one kind of source. The human account shows the impact; the formal and institutional sources show whether it is structural.

What we did about itRead the researchGet in touch